SECTOR 4 4.7 Media professionals have access to training facilities offering formal qualification programmes as well as opportunities to upgrade skills. The École Supérieure des Techniques des Arts et de la Communication (ESTAC - technical college for arts and communication) and the Institut des Sciences de l’Information, de la Communication et des Arts (ISICA - Institute of Information sciences, Communication and the Arts) both provide training for journalists. Between 2009 and 2013, the HAAC, in collaboration with ISICA and ESTAC, provided training to 50 journalists in the area of professional practices as part of state-aid to the media, but the impact has been negligible. According to the panel, this is due to the fact that trainees have become communication officers in various institutions or elsewhere. ISICA provides training for very junior professionals who, after three or four years of study, are awarded a professional degree. But as one panellist expressed it, there is a lot of ‘migration’ in journalism. At any rate, the number of journalists known as “CESTIENS” (graduates from CESTI - a training school for journalists in Senegal) has dwindled considerably. Since the 1990s, CESTI has had difficulties in organising entrance exams in Togo. The UJIT, in partnership with the Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FES) the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ), UNESCO and the United-States Embassy in Togo, regularly runs capacity-building seminars for journalists. The panel observes, that right after a training course, there is an improvement in content and practices, but a short time later, bad habits resurface. Many trainees are lost to journalism. Out of thirty journalists who have received training in investigative journalism from the World Bank, only five continue to practice journalism. 106 AFRICAN MEDIA BAROMETER TOGO 2017