broad technologies as opposed to regulating specific services offered. She also referred to the over regulation experienced by service providers in the ICT space. Fragmented government policies also contributed to the confusion and had resulted in an outdated policy environment which is not progressive but rather regressive. Dumisani also raised the point that it was because of these uncertain policies that led to the high tax regime service providers experience at the hands of the government. She says that about 40 cents of every dollar earned is remitted to the government in forms of taxes. The investment issues she highlighted have to do with Zimbabwe’s country risk issues as well as the adoption of trending, and relevant technologies. The availability of long-term funding for ICT projects to be implemented locally was also a determining factor in who would decide to invest in Zimbabwe’s ICT space. Dumisani also spoke of the technology issues faced by service providers, especially when it comes to the duplication of infrastructure and the management of servitudes. Her parting shot was that Zimbabwe will only start making significant progress towards industry growth when there are clear policies in place which are combined with a practical and co-ordinated industry leadership. 02 Joseph Bishi – Murambinda Works Community Network Joseph Bishi and his organisation are driven by the belief that a developing country can only increase its productivity when rural areas are developed to the point that new opportunities are created and innovations occur at that rural level. Joseph successfully argued that access to telecommunications can strongly influence the financial and social well-being of a population, which is why they had set up Murambinda Works to provide the community of Murambinda with internet access, as well as offer computer skills training. According to Joseph, the challenges to get a rural community such as Murambinda computer literate can be reduced to three categories, namely: environmental constraints, skills constraints, and cultural constraints. These challenges make it necessary for the development of technological solutions which solve the unique challenges Africa faces, for example, technology which will uses TV white spaces 33 Misa Zimbabwe Second Internet Governance Multi Stakeholder Conference 21 September 2017