SECTOR 4 The only other institution providing degree programmes for media practitioners is Limkokwing University, a Malaysian private institution with a branch in Gaborone. The Gaborone Training Institution, which offer diplomas. For years, the government has been offering scholarships for Batswana in media studies outside the country, with the proviso that the beneficiary must return and work in Botswana, in the private or state-run media, for the same number of years that she or he received training. A challenge faced by media companies in Botswana is the lack of opportunities for skills upgrading. Formal training exists for those wanting to study in the media field but for people working in the media field without qualifications there are no options at local institutions for skills upgrading. One solution to this problem may be internet-based short courses in special fields, such as economics journalism, offered by organisations such as the Commonwealth Press Institute. Short-term courses offered by MISA and Gender Links are considered as informal training as they are not officially recognised. Scores: Individual scores: 1 Country does not meet indicator 2 Country minimally meets aspects of the indicator. 3 Country meets many aspects of indicator but progress may be too recent to judge. 4 Country meets most aspects of indicator. 5 Country meets all aspects of the indicator and has been doing so over time. Average score: 3.2 (2005 = 4.0; 2007 = 3.8) 4.10 Journalists and other media practitioners are organised in trade unions and/or professional associations. Analysis: In the past three years the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) has been encouraging the formation of a new union for journalists. It was agreed that the Botswana Journalists Association (BOMJA) and the Botswana Media Workers 66 AFRICAN MEDIA BAROMETER BOTSWANA 2009