CONTENTS Foreword: Shaping a future of rights: Freedom of expression as the driver of all other human rights /2 Southern Africa perspectives: Governments reneging on commitments to media freedom /4 Press freedom under severe strain in Southern Africa / 15 Online and offline harassment of women journalists / 23 Country Reports / 27 Angola: Restrictive environment hinders media freedom / 27 Botswana: Freedom of expression faces headwinds / 31 Eswatini: Tensions, self-censorship rife in media landscape / 36 Lesotho: Change brings hope / 40 Malawi: Challenges outweigh progress in media law reform / 44 Mozambique: Independent journalism under threat / 47 Namibia: A mixed bag for the media industry / 51 Tanzania: Media law reform process lacks momentum / 55 Zambia: In the right direction but more needs to be done / 59 Zimbabwe: Media law reform agenda stalls as civic space shrinks / 64 Media Freedom Violations 2022 / 71 3