be carried out if surveillance has been carried out the way it was initially set out, and within the confines of human rights like privacy. In other words, ICA lacks built-in mechanisms that ensure that interception is done within the confines of necessity concerning the purpose of interception. General recommendations Zimbabwe’s Interception of Communications Act (2007) requires substantial redrafting to align with the country’s Constitution and global surveillance standards. In its current form, the law is defective on many levels. There is a need for parliament to redirect its effort to reforming the law so that it meets the following, among other issues: ● Establishment of an independent board that oversees surveillance. ● Provide further clarity on how journalists and lawyers should be protected from surveillance. ● Make the sanctions available for abuse of people’s data explicitly clear. ● The law should expressly include a surveillance supervisory authority independent of the Executive. ● ICA should quickly be harmonised with the 2013 Constitution and all inconsistent sections of the Act struck off. Global standards of surveillance and interception