Accountability v. Secretary of Parliament8, the parliamentarians concerned had allegedly committed fraud through state-issued travel vouchers. This conduct constituted a substantial contravention of South Africa’s Promotion of Access to Information Act (hereinafter PAIA) such that no protection could possibly or reasonably be expected. The court further observed: Any conduct by Members of Parliament which on the balance of probability would disclose unlawful or irregular conduct in the exercise of their parliamentary duties, constitutes a threat to South Africa’s institutional democratic order and warrants disclosure in the public interest… 9. Meanwhile, the Bill compels all entities to have an information officer. Organisational heads of entities must designate or appoint an information officer who will be responsible for receiving, handling or overseeing information requests directed to the entity. Where a head of entity fails to appoint or designate an information officer, that same organisational head shall be the information officer for purposes of this Act. The information officer has a statutory duty to assist people who require information. This duty extends to assisting information seekers in the process of requesting information10. 8 2011 4 All SA 181 (ECG) paras 89-90 Ibid para 106 10 Section 3(3)(c)(ii) 9 8