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of the enacted and proposed legislation
on the right to privacy and freedom of
expression in selected SADC countries.
Desk Review
Building on document analysis, the
report relied heavily on desk review
of model laws, best practices and
national legislation on cybersecurity
and cybercrime. This entailed the
systematic analysis of information that
already exists, in one form or another.
Desk review involves the summary,
col lation or sy nthesis of ex isting
research rather than primary research
where data is collected from subjects.
Sources of desk review included: journal
articles, newspapers, books, model
laws, periodic reports and so forth
culled from organisations such as MisaZimbabwe, FES Media, International
Media Support, IFEX, CIPESA, Paradigm
Initiative, Right to Know Campaign,
Paradigm Initiative and Southern Africa
Litigation Centre. Secondary data can
be a valuable source of information for
gaining knowledge and insight into a
broad range of issues and phenomena.
This secondary provided a cost-effective
way of understanding the state of
regional, national and international
legal frameworks on cybercrimes and
cybersecurity and the key principles
highlighted therein for the protection
and promotion of rights.
Key Informant interviews
Key informant interviews are qualitative
in-depth interviews with people who

Cybersecurity and Cybercrime
Laws in the SADC Region

know what is going on with regards to the
circumstances in which cybersecurity
and cybercrime laws have been relied on
for surveillance purposes or to curtail
free expression and strategies that can
be relied on to ensure that these laws
promote instead of curtailing exercise of
rights in the SADC region. The purpose
of key informant interviews was to
collect information from a wide range of
people—including freedom of expression
activists, legal practitioners, journalists
and human rights defenders. Because of
the COVID-19 lockdown protocols and
movement restrictions, the researcher
used Zoom and WhatsApp to interview 12
respondents from Zimbabwe, Botswana,
South Africa, Namibia and Zambia. These
people, with their particular knowledge
and understanding, were able to provide
insight on the circumstances in which
these laws have been relied on for
surveillance purposes or to curtail free
expression and provide strategies that
can be relied on to ensure that these laws
promote instead of curtailing exercise
of rights. Ethical considerations such as
informed consent, confidentiality and
privacy were strictly observed.

Data Analysis and Interpretation
Qualitative data was analysed using a
combination of thematic and narrative
analysis. This allowed the researcher to
focus on themes, statements or meanings
that emerged from desktop research and
key informant interviews.

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