RECOMMENDATIONS ICTs can help increase quantity and even the quality of journalism and access to information in Africa. While the future of journalism in Africa is bright there are some notable stumbling blocks. man rights defenders and other activists in southern Africa to harness the power of ICT to promote democracy and good governance and to defend their privacy and evade possible surveillance. Apart from access to technology, training and infrastructure, there is also the issue of repressive governments. But for that to be achieved, bodies like MISA need to be at the forefront of formulating policy that can critically capacitate journalists and other practitioners about ICTs and the dissemination of critical content and analysis. Also, practitioners need to be taught on procedures to be taken when faced with such challenges. Below are some of the recommendations based on the analysis of the results of the survey. MISA needs to raise awareness on issues surrounding digital security (privacy, censorship and surveillance) for citizen and mainstream journalists in southern Africa and fully capacitate southern Africa citizen and mainstream journalists in effective usage of digital media tools for research and presentation of evidence of human rights violations MISA needs to educate stakeholders in areas concerning privacy as a right situated within a broader human rights framework. Also, MISA needs to create a platform, preferably on the Regional Secretariat and Chapter websites, where privacy laws for individual countries are clearly outlined and critiqued. These platforms will familiarise southern Africa citizens and mainstream journalists with existing legal frameworks (criminal defamation and insult laws) and how such can be used to restrict freedom of expression in cyberspace and what strategies and tactics can be adopted to defend the online space. There is a need to sensitise users on how to avoid or deal with spyware and other malicious software. MISA should formulate policy or train journalists, bloggers and human rights activists on key tools and tactics. There is also a need for media houses/organisations to invest more in advanced data encryption equipment. One actionable outcome from this can be an output document with meaningful/actionable technical and policy information on best practices and steps to address in-house security concerns. These can be adopted, via MISA chapters, by different media houses or individuals. There is a need for MISA and its Chapters to initiate groups, which can offer support and sharing of information, encryption of data, procedures for reporting suspected surveillance, and other support as needed. MISA needs to empower journalists, bloggers, hu12 MISA should facilitate regional participation of technical experts, policymakers, and other stakeholders for an actionable discussion on the importance of understanding regional concerns on cyber security and global Internet Governance matters.