SECTOR 4 certificates and diplomas in journalism, broadcasting professions and media management in partnership with university institutions abroad, such as the Parisbased CFPJ (Training and development centre in journalism). Scores: Individual scores: 1 Country does not meet indicator 2 Country minimally meets aspects of the indicator. 3 Country meets many aspects of indicator but progress may be too recent to judge. 4 Country meets most aspects of indicator. 5 Country meets all aspects of the indicator and has been doing so over time. Average score: 2.2 (2007=4.5) 4.10 Journalists and other media practitioners are organised in trade unions and/or professional associations. Journalists are organised in trade unions and professional associations. Following the national debate on the media in 2002, professionals agreed to set up two media representation structures. These are the CNPA (National Council of employers in the print and broadcasting sector), which includes employers in the media sector and the UPMB (Union of media professionals in Benin). In support of these two professional organisations, ODEM (Observatory on professional conduct and ethics in the media) and MdM (Media house) were established. These four structures are recognised and supported by the HAAC and receive subsidies within the framework of government aid to the private media. However, several specialized networks such as the Network of business journalists in Benin (one of the oldest and most active) exist and maintain their autonomy and mobilize their own resources to implement their actions. Following the latest renewal of the UPMB bureau, another independent press union and lobby group, which plan to control the four structures receiving government subsidies as part of the latter’s support to the private media, emerged. There is also an increasing number of opportunist groups whose purpose is certainly not to conduct trade union activities, nor achieve professionalism or specialize in any area. Most of these are groups with no real professional or trade- AFRICAN MEDIA BAROMETER BENIN 2009 115