STATE OF PRESS FREEDOM IN SOUTHERN AFRICA REPORT 2021 70 References DIGITAL SURVEILLANCE: AN EXISTENTIAL THREAT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION (1) Running in Circles: Uncovering the Clients of Cyberespionage Firm Circles https://citizenlab.ca/2020/12/running-in-circles-uncovering-the-clients-of-cyberespionage-firm-circles/ STATE OF PRESS FREEDOM IN SOUTHERN AFRICA REPORT FOR 2021 (1) Statement on the recent UNESCO resolution on information access https://misa.org/blog/states-adopt-resolution-on-information-as-a-public-good/ (2) Rush to pass ‘fake news’ laws during Covid-19 intensifying global media freedom challenges http://ipi.media/rush-to-pass-fake-news-laws-during-covid-19-intensifying-global-media-freedom-challenges/ (3) EMERGENCY POWERS (COVID-19) REGULATIONS, 2020 https://bw.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/125/Emergency-Powers-COVID-19-Regulations-2020. pdf (4) Press freedom violations throughout Africa linked to Covid-19 coverage https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20200414-press-freedom-violations-throughout-african-continent-linked-to-covid-19-coverage (5) Five Zimbabwean reporters arrested while covering coronavirus lockdown https://rsf.org/en/news/five-zimbabwean-reporters-arrested-while-covering-coronavirus-lockdown (6) MISA files urgent COVID-19 court application https://zimbabwe.misa.org/2020/04/10/misa-files-urgent-covid-19-court-application/ (7) Namibia launches COVID-19 Communication Centre https://reliefweb.int/report/namibia/namibia-launches-covid-19-communication-centre (8) Namibia: Presidency Apologizes After Journalists Barred From Covering Launch of COVID-19 Facility https://allafrica.com/stories/202006030808.html (9) Associated Media to close its doors after 38-years due to COVID-19 https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/business-news-and-finance/associated-media-publishing-closing-closed-covid-19-cosmo-2020/ (10) cite::: https://www.trust.org/documents/covid-report.pdf (11) Source::: https://ispeak.africa/journalists-caught-in-the-crosshairs-of-impunity/ (12) CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/cod (13) https://cpj.org/2021/05/angola-suspends-3-tv-channels-for-alleged-improper-registration/ (14) https://cpj.org/2020/04/zambia-cancels-broadcaster-prime-tvs-license-polic/ (15) The Surveillance State: Communications surveillance and privacy in South Africa https://www.mediaanddemocracy.com/uploads/1/6/5/7/16577624/sa_surveillancestate-web.pdf (16) amaBhungane’s Rica victory: Big Brother can no longer watch us with impunity https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-02-07-amabhunganes-rica-victory-bigbrother-can-no-longer-watch-us-with-impunity/ (17) Africa: SIM Card Registration Only Increases Monitoring and Exclusion https://privacyinternational.org/long-read/3109/africa-sim-card-registration-only-increases-monitoring-and-exclusion (18) State of Internet Freedom in Democratic Republic of the Congo 2016 https://cipesa.org/?wpfb_dl=234 (19) Closing the Internet Gap in Sub-Saharan Africa https://www.borgenmagazine.com/internet-gap-in-sub-saharan-africa/ (20) Towards an Accessible and Affordable Internet in Africa Key Challenges Ahead https://cipesa.org/?wpfb_dl=482 (21) https://dig.watch/updates/one-three-women-five-countries-africa-experience-online-gender-based-violence (22) Towards an Accessible and Affordable Internet in Africa Key Challenges Ahead https://cipesa.org/?wpfb_dl=482 (23) THE ELECTRONIC AND POSTAL COMMUNICATIONS (ONLINE CONTENT) REGULATIONS, 2018 https://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/THE_ELECTRONIC_AND_POSTAL_COMMUNICATIONS_(ONLINE_sw.pdf (24) ZICTA SUED OVER INTERNET SHUTDOWN https://dailynationzambia.com/2021/08/zicta-sued-over-internet-shutdown/ (25) Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5 (26) WOMEN’S RIGHTS ONLINE REPORT CARD http://webfoundation.org/docs/2016/09/WF_GR_Kenya.pdf (27) Tanzanian Idris Sultan ‘held’ for Magufuli face-swap https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50249600 (28) Tanzania: Charges against comedian for laughing must be thrown out https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/07/tanzania-charges-against-comedian-forlaughing-must-be-thrown-out/ (29) Zimbabwean comedian Gonyeti ‘abducted and beaten’ in Harare https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49433387 (20) Zambian musician and activist “Pilato” arrested for speaking out on government graft https://thisisafrica.me/politics-and-society/zambian-activist-pilato-government-graft/ (31) Zimbabwe picks foreign firm to collect taxes from e-commerce, crypto and content creators https://www.news24.com/fin24/economy/zimbabwe-picks-foreign-firmto-collect-taxes-from-e-commerce-crypto-and-content-creators-20220121 JOURNALISM UNDER SURVEILLANCE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA (1) https://cpj.org/2021/09/togolese-journalists-spyware-surveillance/ (2) https://www.ohchr.org/en/2021/07/use-spyware-surveil-journalists-and-human-rights-defendersstatement-un-high-commissioner?LangID=E&NewsID=27326 (3) https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00078842.html