SECTOR 1 Freedom of expression, including freedom of the media, is effectively protected and promoted. 1.1 Freedom of expression, including freedom of the media, is guaranteed in the constitution and supported by other pieces of legislation. As a result of the November 2010 referendum, which extends the provisions of the previous Constitution on freedom of expression, freedom of expression is guaranteed. Article 10 of the Constitution indeed stipulates that “Freedom of opinion and expression, of communication, of the press, of association, of assembly, of movement, of conscience and religion is guaranteed for all and can only be limited by the respect of the liberties and rights of others, and the imperative of safe-keeping public order, national dignity and the security of the State.” Article 11 goes even further by indicating: “every individual has the right to information.” It furthermore specifies that: “information in all its forms is not to be submitted to any prior restraint, except in cases pertaining to public order and morality. Freedom of information, in whatever medium, is a right. Exercising this right entails duties and responsibilities and is subject to certain formalities, conditions or sanctions foreseen by the law, which constitute necessary measures in a democratic society.” Lastly, paragraph 11 clearly specifies that: “Any type of censorship is prohibited.” Furthermore, Madagascar has ratified the African Charter for Human and Peoples’ Rights, which in its paragraph 9 defines freedom of expression in these terms: 1. “Every individual shall have the right to receive information. 2. Every individual shall have the right to express and disseminate his opinions within the law.” Freedom of expression is also protected by the law through the dispositions of Law N°90-031 of 21 October 1990 on communication, which through articles 1 and 2 respectively, stipulate that: “The law guarantees the freedom of expression and of the press in accordance with the Constitution,” and that “everybody has the right to express their opinions and ideas through the press by whichever medium.” 68 AFRICAN MEDIA BAROMETER MADAGASCAR