SECTOR 4 4.6 Journalists and editors do not practise selfcensorship in the private broadcasting and print media Panellists feel that due to fear of reprisals, many journalists and editors practice self-censorship. For articles that deal with sensitive topics, they prefer to use conventional language. Because of this fear of backlash, most journalists simply report the facts without offering in-depth coverage. Panellists are of the opinion that sometimes media owners clearly indicate what information is to be published and which is not. The fear of losing advertisers also limits the room for manoeuvre within the media. This self-censorship practice can go as far as withholding information that would be useful to society. Scores: Individual scores: 1 Country does not meet indicator 2 Country meets only a few aspects of indicator 3 Country meets some aspects of indicator 4 Country meets most aspects of indicator 5 Country meets all aspects of the indicator Average score: Score of previous years: ✓✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓✓ ✓ 1.8 2006: 2; 2008: 1.5; 2010: 1.5; 2012: 2.8; 2016: 2.1 4.7 Media professionals have access to training facilities offering formal qualification programmes as well as opportunities to upgrade skills New article 54 of the Communication Code states: Exercising the occupation of journalist is free. However, only individuals holding a diploma, qualification certificate or certificate issued by a professional journalism training institution are entitled to a professional identity card issued by the Order of Journalists of Madagascar. Many public and private universities offer training. The courses lead to a bachelor’s or master’s degree. However, the panel felt that some institutions merely teach communication which can lead to confusion. Many initiatives contribute to journalists’ capacity building (such as regional associations, technical and financial partners). There is a plethora of training, but in practice, it does not significantly improve the quality of journalists’ work due to lack of standards. International exchanges between professionals are also lacking. 45 AFRICAN MEDIA BAROMETER MADAGASCAR 2019