SECTOR 1 1.6 Confidential sources of information are protected by the legislation and/or the courts Sources of information are protected by the Communication Code, which covers security provisions for media practitioners, including the inviolability of media outlets, the protection of journalists’ materials and equipment and the protection of information sources. Articles 9 to 12 highlight the protection of information sources. Article 11 provides that: The protection of the sources of information referred to (...) may be withdrawn only at the request of judicial authorities if it is likely to prevent the commission of offences constituting a serious threat to the physical integrity of one or more persons and if the following cumulative conditions are met: 1. The information requested is of crucial importance to prevent the commission of such offences; 2. The information requested cannot be obtained in any other manner. In practice, in specific situations, the prosecutor has put pressure on journalists to reveal their source. This was particularly true when the “Helicopter Case” occurred. A journalist revealed the source of his information out of fear and especially out of ignorance of his rights. Scores: Individual scores: 1 Country does not meet indicator 2 Country meets only a few aspects of indicator 3 Country meets some aspects of indicator 4 Country meets most aspects of indicator 5 Country meets all aspects of the indicator Average score: Score of previous years: 16 AFRICAN MEDIA BAROMETER MADAGASCAR 2019 ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓ 3.8 2006: 1.5; 2008: 3.4; 2010: 3.2; 2012: 4.5; 2016: 3.4