judicial review26 proceedings against the Authority. Following the stay order, social media access was restored27. Regardless of this victory, a significantly negative precedent was set. This also tainted the country’s image with regard to respect of fundamental freedoms of expression and assembly, there having previously been claims of partial internet shutdowns and deployment of intrusive surveillance/monitoring software against citizens, allegations which have never been denied or disproved by government authorities28. During the quarter, utilisation of internet technology was also noted particularly because of the surge in COVID-19 cases, leading to the invocation of restrictive measures against public gatherings. As such, media practitioners had to use digital virtual applications to access news sources and conduct interviews. Other stakeholders, such as political parties had to conduct virtual rallies and meetings29. Most survey respondents noted that use of virtual technology helped to ease the challenges presented by COVID restrictions. With regard to media development and performance during the quarter, the following was the breakdown of media outlets: BROADCAST INSTITUTIONS30 COMMUNITY RADIO COMMERCIAL RADIO PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING-RADIO LANDING RIGHTS-RADIO TV (DTT COMMERCIAL) TV (DTT COMMUNITY) PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTER 68 73 4 2 28 11 5 26 According to the Oxford Dictionary of Law (2003), judicial review is the simplified procedure by which prerogative and other remedies have been attainable in the High Court against inferior courts, tribunals, and administrative authorities. On application for the Judicial Review of a decision, the court may grant a quashing order, mandatory order, prohibition order, declaration, or injunction and may also award damages. 27 As verified by the researcher through a test conducted on the Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI) on 14th August, 2021. 28 See https://citizenlab.ca/2020/12/running-in-circles-uncovering-the-clients-of-cyberespionage-firm-circles/ 29 For instance the Patriotic Front and Socialist Parties held several virtual rallies. See a ZNBC report on PF virtual rallies held by the Patriotic Front at https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=LyefaJvnYBU 30 According to a list of broadcast media houses supplied by the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) 35