TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Number EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 INTRODUCTION 5 Context Objectives Methodology Shortcomings of the study 5 5 6 6 THE SADC PROTOCOL, THE AC AND ICT DECLARATIONS 8 SADC Protocol African Commission Declaration SADC ICT Declaration 8 12 14 ANALYSIS 17 Laws analysed in the study Generic themes Overview of findings Introduction Free expression - general Access to information - general Media and communications diversity Editorial independence Independence of boards and regulators Broadcasting - general Media ethics Protection of sources Public meetings and open government National security Defamation and privacy Criminal procedures Attacks on journalists Registration and accreditation Training Resources Other mechanisms 17 19 20 20 20 21 23 24 25 25 26 26 27 28 28 30 30 31 31 32 32 DISCUSSION 34 CASE STUDIES 39 Botswana Zambia South Africa 39 41 43 RECOMMENDATIONS 45 APPENDICES Namibia Media Law Audit – report final draft A 1 - 118 2