Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA), ‘State of the
media report: 2020’
https://data.misa.org/en/entity/dgfc1wcg8f.

2

MISA Zimbabwe. ‘Masvingo journalist charged with
undermining authority of President’
https://zimbabwe.misa.org/29/06/2020/masvingo-journali
st-charged-with-undermining-authority-of-president/.

3
NEWS24, ‘Hopewell Chin'ono arrested for third time in six
months’
https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/hopewell-c
hinono-arrested-for-third-time-in-six-months-20210108.
4

Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and
Southern Africa (CIPESA), ‘Zimbabwe Becomes the Latest
Country to Shut Down Social Media’

https://cipesa.org/07/2016/zimbabwe-becomes-the-latest-c
ountry-to-shut-down-social-media/.
5
NetBlocks, ‘Zimbabwe Internet shudtowns amid fuel price
protest’
https://netblocks.org/reports/zimbabwe-internet-shutdown
s-amid-fuel-price-protests-OxAGDdBz.
6

MISA Zimbabwe, ‘High Court sets aside internet shutdown
directives’
https://zimbabwe.misa.org/21/01/2019/high-court-sets-asi
de-internet-shut-down-directives/.

7
Kubatana, ‘The Internet shutdown: The High Court's
ruling of 21st January – Court Watch 2019 / 1’
https://kubatana.net/31/01/2019/internet-shutdown-highcourts-ruling-21st-january-court-watch-2019-1/.
8
NewsDay, ‘Lack of internet connectivity affecting govt
e-learning programmes’
https://www.newsday.co.zw/06/2021/lack-of-internet-conn
ectivity-affecting-govt-e-learning-programmes/.
9

Freedom House, ‘Freedom on the net: Zimbabwe’
https://freedomhouse.org/country/zimbabwe/freedom-net/
2020#footnote4_t6hpy8i.

10

Business Insider Africa, ‘Internet, mobile call cost in
Zimbabwe has gone up by almost 200% since September 1st
2020’
https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/internetmobile-call-cost-in-zimbabwe-has-gone-up-by-almost-200
-since-september-1st/5694mwq.

11
The Standard, ‘Cyber-bullying surges in Zim Lockdown’
https://www.thestandard.co.zw/19/04/2020/cyber-bullying
-surges-zim-lockdown/.
12
Zim Metro, ‘Linda becomes victim of cyber bullying,
abuse’
https://www.zimetro.co.zw/linda-becomes-victim-of-cyberbullying-abuse/; Spiked, ‘Women in politics must challenge
cyberbullying’
https://spiked.co.zw/women-in-politics-must-challenge-cy
berbullying/.
13

NewsDay, ‘Zanu PF breaks into Zec database’

https://www.newsday.co.zw/07/2018/zanu-pf-breaks-into-z
ec-database/.
14

Citizen Lab, ‘Running in Circles: Uncovering the clients of
cyberespionage firm Circles’
https://citizenlab.ca/12/2020/running-in-circles-uncoverin
g-the-clients-of-cyberespionage-firm-circles/.

15

Biometric Update, ‘Implementation of CloudWalk facial
recognition technology in Zimbabwe progressing in stages’
https://www.biometricupdate.com/201805/implementation
-of-cloudwalk-facial-recognition-technology-in-zimbabweprogressing-in-stages.

FOOTNOTES

1

Select target paragraph3