SECTOR 2 The legal structure within Tanzania also does not allow for the separation of state entities. “Everything is connected: the Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation (TBC), the Daily News, Habari Leo. Ministers can interfere in the operation of the stateowned media because there is no separation, no clear-cut law or policy to ensure that these ‘public’ entities operate independently.” Scores: Individual scores: 1 Country does not meet indicator 2 Country meets only a few aspects of indicator 3 Country meets some aspects of indicator 4 Country meets most aspects of indicator 5 Country meets all aspects of the indicator Average score: 1.8 (2012 = 2.3; 2010 = 1.9; 2008 = 1.8; 2006 = 2.4) 2.4 Transparency of ownership of media houses in print/broadcasting is guaranteed by law and enforced. The ownership of media houses is meant to be transparent although some media owners find legal loopholes to circumvent this so they are not immediately identified with a specific publication or broadcaster. This can be done by hiding ownership under multiple companies or by hiding behind family members who are listed as the owners. Publications are required by law to register their ownership with the Registrar of Newspapers, and this should be made public. Ultimately the owners can be traced, however, through due diligence, which will ultimately reveal the names of the directors. The policy with broadcast media is stricter, through the TCRA, as greater transparency is required with regards to the company’s directors. “The print media falls under the Newspapers Act of 1976, which was a socially oriented law, and the government is not well-versed in monitoring this ownership. The electronic media, governed by the TCRA Act, is more robust and the state is tasked with enforcing the transparency of ownership.” “People generally know who owns what, although certain newspapers are clearly party-political mouthpieces, but when you look into their ownership, an unknown company is listed, not an individual.” 32 AFRICAN MEDIA BAROMETER Tanzania 2015