2. INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS ON SURVEILLANCE AND PRIVACY ISSUES Surveillance is strongly linked to practices of privacy. An increase in surveillance practices, deleteriously impact the enjoyment of the right to privacy. As espoused in many regional and international statutes, privacy is a fundamental human right. The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognises the right to privacy. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (UN 1966) equally recognises the right to privacy of communication as a universally guaranteed right. Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks’ (UN, 1948) Article 17 of The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights reinforces the right to the protection of privacy without discrimination. These international legal instruments, however, recognises violations that are based on law. Yet, in the same vein, they recognise that the violation should have to intention to achieve a legitimate aim, and as such, it should be proportionate to the aim being pursued (Privacy International 2014). Majority of legal instruments also recognises the dangers of mass and indiscriminate surveillance. The preference is for targeted surveillance that pursues legitimate aims. In addition to legitimacy, surveillance ought to be proportionate, and making provision for other safeguards like user notification, judicial authorisation and other transparency and oversight mechanism supposed to be inflected within the practice. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS The UN Human Rights Council promulgated the Promotion, Protection and Enjoyment of Human Rights on the Internet in 2016. In 2018, the UN passed the Right to Privacy in the Digital Age. Both instruments recognises the right to privacy and the need to limit surveillance. They, therefore, provide guides on which local legislation can draw on in order to provide rules and regulations that protect privacy as a fundamental human right. Moreover, both international instruments provide a standard on which local surveillance regulations can be assessed in term of the extend to which they align with global standards for the protection of privacy. REGIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS At a regional level of SADC, The Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information promulgated by the African Union (AU) remains the guide on which surveillance and privacy issues are clearly articulated. The instrument is very clear in terms of the circumstances under which surveillance can be permissible. It states thus, A SURVIVAL TOOLKIT FOR JOURNALISTS Page 7