SECTOR 4 Scores: Individual scores: 1 Country does not meet indicator 2 Country meets only a few aspects of indicator 3 Country meets some aspects of indicator 4 Country meets most aspects of indicator 5 Country meets all aspects of the indicator Average score: 1.9 (2013:2.3; 2011:2.0; 2009:2.2; 2007:n/a; 2005:n/a) 4.4 Journalists and other media practitioners are organised in trade unions and/or professional associations, which effectively represent their interests. Under the Zambian Constitution and in Chapter 269 of the Industrial and Labour Relation Act, workers and employers are allowed to join and form unions. But in practice, especially in private media, some media owners “don’t want to allow their members to join the union” even if the staff wants to do so. Existing unions and professional associations are: the Zambia Union of Journalists (ZUJ), the Zambia Media Owners Association (ZMOA), the Zambian Union of Broadcasters and other Information Disseminators (ZUBID), the Zambia Media Women Association (ZAMWA) which advocates for women but is currently not very active, the Zambia Bloggers Network (ZBN), the Press Association of Zambia (PAZA), which draws its membership from public and private media, and the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) - the Zambia chapter. Some of these are not very active and there is an “issue of democratic deficit in media associations.” PAZA, for instance, had its last annual general meeting (AGM) in 2001 and lack a functioning secretariat. Some attribute this to the lack of financial means, while others chalk it up to a lack of strong leadership; yet others feel that it is due to many journalists’ lack of business and governance skills. There may additionally be “a lot of external interferences within associations” trying to render them ineffective. “Elections may,” conveniently, “just be forgotten” so that others cannot take over. 60 AFRICAN MEDIA BAROMETER ZAMBIA 2017