SECTOR 4 4.6 Journalists and editors do not practise self-censorship in in the private broadcasting and print media. Self-censorship exists for political and economic reasons. Most media managers, in order to survive, have signed contracts with partnerships and businesses, the Government or even politicians; these are called “contrats de non-agression” (non-aggression pacts/ contracts/ agreements). This means that if a press organ receives advertising or other resources from an advertiser or sponsor/benefactor, he may publish or broadcast only the positive aspects of that partner. Scores: Individual scores: 1 Country does not meet indicator 2 Country meets only a few aspects of indicator 3 Country meets some aspects of indicator 4 Country meets most aspects of indicator 5 Country meets all aspects of the indicator Average score: 1.9 (2007=4.3; 2009=1.8; 2011=2.3) 4.7 Media professionals have access to training facilities offering formal qualification programmes as well as opportunities to upgrade skills. In addition to the ENSTIC (École Nationale des Sciences et Techniques de l’Information et de la Communication – National School of Information and Communications Sciences and Techniques) there are private schools, like the ISMA (Institut Supérieur des Métiers de l’Audiovisuel – Higher Institute of Audiovisual Professions) and the CAFPJ (Centre Africain de Perfectionnement en Journalisme – African Centre for Advanced Journalism) which train journalists. The difficulty perceived by the panel lies in the range and quality of training. It should further be noted that many promoters have created schools whose qualifications are not even recognized. AFRICAN MEDIA BAROMETER BENIN 2014 103