The indications are that the strong constitutional framework for free speech is matched in reality by the ability of the media and ordinary citizens to express themselves freely, although examples remain of instances where administrative or arbitrary limitations are placed in the way of citizens and journalists exercising their freedom of speech. Cultural issues, such as respect and excessive deference to people in authority; gender roles where women are seen as inferior to men; and the respect traditionally accorded to elders, are also cited as inhibiting the right to freedom of expression. Regional and international instruments on freedom of expression do not appear to play a big role in Ghana’s legal environment as most journalists and nonjournalists seem unfamiliar with such instruments, either in their applicability to Ghana or in terms of the provisions of such instruments. There is no requirement for print publications to obtain licences or permission from any state authority or institution before they can operate or publish information. However, Section 2 (f) of the National Media Commission Act and Article 167(d) of the Constitution provide for the NMC to make regulations for the registration of newspapers and other publications. Although some anxiety was expressed that this could be interpreted to imply the registration of newspaper before they can publish, it is clear from the text of the law that such regulations cannot be used to exercise any direction or control over the professional functions of any person engaged in the production of newspapers or other means of mass communication. There is also no requirement for websites, blogs and other digital platforms to register with any government institution or to obtain permission from state authorities. It is also believed that the state does not block or filter internet content as it is not considered to have the capacity to do this. Ghana’s media landscape is characterised by diversity, with a wide range of print, broadcasting, internet and mobile news sources. Accessibility to the various media platforms varies, with radio being the most accessible and affordable. Newspapers are largely unaffordable for the masses. Accessibility also varies based on location, with urban areas having multiple sources. In rural areas, however, information sources and relevant content are limited or non-existent. The cost of newspapers is high – between 1.50 and 3.00 Ghanaian cedis (GH ) (US$0.68) and 1.35), and they are not affordable for most Ghanaians. The revised daily minimum wage for the year 2013 is GH 5.24 (USD2.38). Because radio stations often “cannibalise” or scavenge news from the newspapers, accessibility to this news is enhanced, and most people gain their news on radio. 8 AFRICAN MEDIA BAROMETER GHANA 2013