16. As a matter of urgency, the United Nations and UNESCO, and particularly the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC), should initiate detailed research, in cooperation with governmental (especially UNDP) and nongovernmental donor agencies, relevant non-governmental organizations and professional associations, into the following specific areas: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) identification of economic barriers to the establishment of news media outlets, including restrictive import duties, tariffs and quotas for such things as newsprint, printing equipment, and typesetting and word processing machinery, and taxes on the sale of newspapers, as a prelude to their removal; training of journalists and managers and the availability of professional training institutions and courses; legal barriers to the recognition and effective operation of trade unions or associations of journalists, editors and publishers; a register of available funding from development and other agencies, the conditions attaching to the release of such funds, and the methods of applying for them; the state of press freedom, country by country, in Africa. 17. In view of the importance of radio and television in the field of news and information, the United Nations and UNESCO are invited to recommend to the General Assembly and the General Conference the convening of a similar seminar of journalists and managers of radio and television services in Africa, to explore the possibility of applying similar concepts of independence and pluralism to those media. 18. The international community should contribute to the achievement and implementation of the initiatives and projects set out in the annex to this Declaration. 19. This Declaration should be presented by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the United Nations General Assembly, and by the Director-General of UNESCO to the General Conference of UNESCO. So This Is Democracy? 2005 -308- Media Institute of Southern Africa