are therefore, in a good position to monitor phone calls and use surveillance technology such as IMSI catchers, and by initiating Distributed Denial of Service Attacks against online activists’ websites. Natasha went on to state that social media movements have to remain resilient in face of the attacks sponsored by their various adversaries. She also noted that social activists are usually ignorant of the levels of risk associated with online activism, she attributed this to a lack of interest and knowledge among many activists and organisers in Zimbabwe. This ignorance of online security practises has led to the development of a security divide between internet users who are conscious about their online security and those users who are indifferent to it. Her parting shot was that online social media activists should cultivate a culture of promoting security online. Her suggestions for achieving this include: 1. Knowing and being mindful of what people publicise online because the digital world does not forget, and once something is posted, it is nearly impossible to delete completely. 2. Social activists educating themselves on how to build up digital resilience by making use of technology developed by organisations such as Mozilla and EFF. Other technologies such as encryption also work to minimise the risk of having communications easily intercepted. A useful resource on growing resilient online social movements is Zeynep Tufekci’s book “Twitter and Tear Gas” which is available for free download here. A participant from academia raised the point that there should be more deliberate collaboration between digital security trainers and academic researchers on conducting and publishing research which is meant to improve online security in the Zimbabwean internet space. 16 Misa Zimbabwe Second Internet Governance Multi Stakeholder Conference 21 September 2017