STATE OF PRESS FREEDOM IN SOUTHERN AFRICA REPORT 2021 4 Contents Foreword: Digital surveillance and existential threat to freedom of expression /5 State of Press freedom in Southern Africa /6 Journalism under surveillance in Southern Africa / 12 Gender and ICT in Southern Africa / 19 Country Reports / 26 Angola: Media face new challenges despite early promises of improvement / 26 Botswana: Quietly, Botswana increasingly becoming hostile / 30 eSwatini: Covid-19, pro-democracy protests used to clamp down on free speech / 34 Lesotho: Attacks Against journalists intensify / 37 Malawi: New access to information law brings hope / 40 Mozambique: Armed conflict worsens plight of journalists / 43 Namibia: A beacon of hope for Press freedom / 46 Tanzania: Optimism in the media industry after a dark period / 49 Zambia: Hopes for a new dawn / 52 Zimbabwe: One step forwards, two steps backwards / 55 Media freedom violations / 58 The state of media and information literacy in Southern Africa / 61 References / 70