SECTOR 1 Mr Itumbi’s case was isolated in its scope and dimension and it was doubtful if the criminal investigation of alleged hacking amounted to a breach of his freedom of expression. But it is commonplace for the police to engage in spectacular arrests and interrogations “to send a message that we are still in control.” Often, “the police would attempt to intimidate the public by arresting someone publicly, whether or not a statement is taken in the end.” Ethnic associations also limit the exercise of freedom of expression. A common practice is for members of an ethnic group to express political views that align with those of their top brass, whether or not that position is one they believe in. Others who may disagree will abstain from voicing support for the opponent. However “you are compelled to express love for a political kingpin and staying silent could be viewed as a betrayal.” This has emerged starkly in the way the Kikuyus (one of Kenya’s major ethnic groups) discuss the ICC post-election violence trials, where they view suspects as martyrs. “If a Kikuyu speaks against a suspect, he/she is asked if they have a problem with being saved.” This is also true of the Kalenjins, another major ethnic group from whom there are two key suspects before the ICC. To some extent, journalists from a certain ethnic community see themselves working to defend the interest of that community out of fear that they could be viewed as enemies if they do not. Scores: Individual scores: 1 Country does not meet indicator 2 Country meets only a few aspects of indicator 3 Country meets some aspects of indicator 4 Country meets most aspects of indicator 5 Country meets all aspects of the indicator Average score: 3.5 (2005 = 3.0, 2007 = 3.7, 2009 = 3.0) AFRICAN MEDIA BAROMETER KENYA 2012 15