XIII Criminal Measures 1. States shall review all criminal restrictions on content to ensure that they serve a legitimate interest in a democratic society. 2. Freedom of expression should not be restricted on public order or national security grounds unless there is a real risk of harm to a legitimate interest and there is a close causal link between the risk of harm and the expression. XIV Economic Measures 1. States shall promote a general economic environment in which the media can flourish. 2. States shall not use their power over the placement of public advertising as a means to interfere with media content. 3. States should adopt effective measures to avoid undue concentration of media ownership, although such measures shall not be so stringent that they inhibit the development of the media sector as a whole. XV Protection of Sources and other journalistic material Media practitioners shall not be required to reveal confidential sources of information or to disclose other material held for journalistic purposes except in accordance with the following principles: the identity of the source is necessary for the investigation or prosecution of a serious crime, or the defence of a person accused of a criminal offence; the information or similar information leading to the same result cannot be obtained elsewhere; the public interest in disclosure outweighs the harm to freedom of expression; and disclosure has been ordered by a court, after a full hearing. XVI Implementation States Parties to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’s Rights should make every effort to give practical effect to these principles. So This Is Democracy? 2008 -306- Media Institute of Southern Africa