v contents ENABLING A FREE, INDEPENDENT PLURALISTIC MEDIA 1 SECTION 1: ASSESSMENT 2 OVERVIEW AND Introduction 29 Gender representation content in media 29 Gender representation in the media workforce 30 Analysis of differential impact of Covid-19 on female journalists 31 SECTION 4: COUNTRY REPORTS 34 Introduction 2 Regional and international standards 2 Freedom of expression, legal and political landscape 4 Attacks on journalists and the media 8 Angola 34 Access to information 11 Botswana 37 Impact of the pandemic 13 Eswatini 40 Media and gender 16 Lesotho 44 18 Malawi 47 Mozambique 49 Namibia 52 Tanzania 56 Zambia 59 Zimbabwe 63 Censorship, digital internet shutdowns spaces and SECTION 2: DIGITAL RIGHTS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA 22 Introduction 22 Enablers For The Exercise Of Digital Rights 22 Internet access 22 Digital Literacy 23 Threats To Digital Rights In Southern Africa 23 Legislative provisions 23 Arrests for online communication 24 Internet shutdowns 24 Censorship and surveillance 25 Online gender-based violence 26 Digital Rights During Covid-19 In Southern Africa 26 Conclusion and recommendations 28 SECTION 3: GENDER IN THE MEDIA: FEMALE JOURNALISTS AND WOMEN IN MEDIA 29 SECTION 5: VIOLATIONS MEDIA FREEDOM 67 ANNEXURE 70 ACHPR Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information in Africa (2019) 70