Table of contents Executive summary …………………………………………………………… 1 General recommendations…………………………………………………….2 Global standards of surveillance and interception…………………………….4 Introduction: Thinking about privacy and interception in Zimbabwe ………...5 Overview of the 2007 Interception of Communication Act………………….5 The legal defects of the ICA clauses………………………………………….6 Additional recommendations………………………………………………….8 Immediate practical actions that should be considered…………………….8 Relevant readings……………………………………………………………..9 Dr Allen Munoriyarwa, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Media Studies at the University of Botswana, prepared this policy brief. This brief is an output of an eight-country surveillance research project titled: Public Oversight of Digital Surveillance for Intelligence Purposes: A Comparative Case Study Analysis of Oversight Practices in Southern Africa. The brief also draws on the work produced over several years by the Media Policy and Democracy Project, a joint project of the Department of Communication and Media at the University of Johannesburg and the Department of Communication Science at the University of South Africa. It also draws on the research published here: https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmae018.