● Post-surveillance notification should be included in the process of interception.
● There needs to be more clarity on who within the security agencies can be held
responsible in the event of data leaks.
● The law should clarify offences, penalties, and fines in the event of data
mismanagement within the security agencies.

Relevant readings
Brayne, S., 2020. Predict and Surveil: Data, discretion, and the future of policing. Oxford
University Press, USA.
Hungwe, B & Munoriyarwa, A. (2024). An Analysis of the Legislative Protection for Journalists
and Lawyers Under Zimbabwe’s Interception of Communications Act, Statute Law Review,
Volume 45, (1). DOI: hmae018, https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmae018.

Institute of Public Policy Research. 2021.Not fit for purpose– the Data Protection Bill.
Accessible at https://action-namibia.org/https-action-namibia-org-wp-content-uploads-202212-data-protection-bill-web-pdf/.
Munoriyarwa, A., 2021. When watchdogs fight back: resisting state surveillance in everyday
investigative reporting practices among Zimbabwean journalists. Journal of Eastern African

Studies, 15(3), pp.421-441.

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