and technological environment in which the Windhoek Declaration was adopted has changed significantly and that there is a need to complement and expand upon the original Declaration; Aware of the existence of serious barriers to free, independent and pluralistic broadcasting and to the right to communicate through broadcasting in Africa; 3. Cognisant of the fact that for the vast majority of the peoples of Africa, the broadcast media remains the main source of public communication and information; 4. Recalling the fact that the frequency spectrum is a public resource which must be managed in the public interest. 5. 3DUW2QH GENERAL REGULATORY ISSUES 1. The legal framework for broadcasting should include a clear statement of the principles underpinning broadcast regulation, including promoting respect for freedom of expression , diversity, and the free flow of information and ideas, as well as a threetier system for broadcasting: public service, commercial and community. 2. 2 All formal powers in the areas of broadcast and telecommunications regulation should be exercised by public authorities which are protected against interference, 6. 7. 8. particularly of a political or economic nature, by, among other things, an appointments process for members which is open, transparent, involves the participation of civil society, and is not controlled by any particular political party. Decision-making processes about the overall allocation of the frequency spectrum should be open and participatory, and ensure that a fair proportion of the spectrum is allocated to broadcasting uses. The frequencies allocated to broadcasting should be shared equitably among the three tiers of broadcasting. Licensing processes for the allocation of specific frequencies to individual broadcasters should be fair and transparent, and based on clear criteria which include promoting media diversity in ownership and content. Broadcasters should be required to promote and develop local content, which should be defined to include African content, including through the introduction of minimum quotas. States should promote an economic environment that facilitates the development of independent production and diversity in broadcasting. The development of appropriate technology for the reception of broadcasting signals should be promoted. 6R7KLVLV'HPRFUDF\"